Dr. Arina Khatsenovich near Kara-Tenesh site. Offroad.
Our team visited several Paleolithic sites in Altai Mountains this July. We had coordinates of the sites that have been investigated in 1980-1990th – Maloyalomanskaya cave and Kara-Tenesh. Of course, these coordinates were wrong. Local people were very kind and helped us to find the cave. Site is in the good condition. One of the galleries looks perspective for further excavation. We plan to take samples for OSL and 14C dating next year.
Maloyalomanskaya cave
Situation with Kara-Tenesh is less clear. Coordinates were basically correct and we found the site after 1 or 2 hours search. But the square of this site is huge and we try to understand, where the Paleolithic excvatation pit is situated. This site is the settlement of Afontovo culture, with deeply covered Paleolithic material at some parts of the site. Next year we use to excavate several test pits to detect Paleolithic layer.
Dr. Anton Anoikin at the Kara-Tenesh site
The other goal of our survey was related to search for raw material sources that ancient people, settled at the Kara Bom site, could use. Just one preliminary word – success!!! More – soon.
Dr. Evgeny Rybin testing stone raw material
We found 2 new Paleolithic sites. All of that looks promising and will keep us busy if pandemic continue.
Two master students defended their degree works at the Novosibirsk State University:
Matvey Zhukov, Microblade production in Early Holocene lithic industries of Mongolia (Gobi Altai). Supervisor – Arina Khatsenovich
Galina Posmetnaya, Paleoclimatic conditions of Late Pleistocene human occupation in Orkhon valley, Mongolia (pollen spectra of Orkhon 1 and 7 sites). Supervisors – Snezhana Zhilich, Arina Khatsenovich
This April Irina spent in the “Geoanalyst” geochemical lab in Ekaterinburg. She worked on pretreatrment and measurments of the samples from Altai and Mongolia for 87Sr/86Sr ratio. She will present first results attending online Goldshmidt2021, July 4-9 in Lyon, and DIG2021, May 17-21 in Faro.
March work in the storage of Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS was really hard for the team. The faunal collections are ready to be moved to the new storage, so, we needed to find Mongolian collections that have been stored here since 1980th and nobody worked on since that time. We appreciate our master student Ivan Dolgushin and Dr Sergei Vasiliev for their help.
Dr. Alexei Klementiev is a unique specialist in Pleistocene fauna of Siberia and Central Asia. He is co-investigator in the project RSF 19-78-10112 “Human adaptation in arid and high-altitude regions of eastern Central Asia in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene”. Last March he studied about 670 faunal remains from Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in Mongolia. Some of it will change our knowledge about Late Pleistocene faunal complexes in Asia significantly. Now we have about first 50 samples to go to CT-scanning, 3D-scanning, isotopic and, some of it, to DNA analyses. First results on study of faunal collections that we’ve got in the course of excavations in 2018-2019 (Orkhon-1, Orkhon-7 and Moiltyn am) will be published this June.
They presented the first results on their study of Sr isotopic composition: the first stage of 87Sr/86Sr ratio mapping in Altai and Mongolia and results on study of the faunal samples from Orkhon-1 and Moiltyn am. 87Sr/86Sr ratio for bone samples, compared to results that we’ve got for sediments from site profiles, indicates that some species did not inhabit the Orkhon valley , but migrated.
Evgeny Rybin will present his dissertation ” Regional variability of Initial Upper Paleolithic lithic industries in Southern Siberia and eastern Central Asia”
Official reviewers:
Dr. Sergei A. Vasiliev, Institute of the History of material culture RAS, Saint-Petersburg.
Dr. Pavel Yu. Pavlov, Institute of language, literature and history, Ural Branch of RAS, Komi
Regents’ Professor Emeritus of University of Arizona John Olsen works with Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS since 1995. Joint Mongolian-Russian-American archaeological expedition celebrates 25 years in 2020. This Expedition investigated Tsagaan Agui and Chikhen Agui caves, Chikhen-2, discovered Tolbor valley with highest concentration of Initial & Early Upper Paleolithic sites and numerous localities with surface material. Currently this Expedition works in Orkhon valley and Gobi desert.
John not only works as the co-director of joint expedition, but he also has long relationships with Novosibirsk scientific center in general. He tought two courses in Novosibirsk State University during the spring semester in 2018: “Principles of Archaeology” (lectures) for graduate and “Reading Archaeology” (seminars) for undergraduate students.
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John makes the efforts to establish scientific collaborations between Mongolia, China, Russia and USA. He involves early career researchers to the International projects and expeditions.
Inner Mongolia, 2017
Mongolia, 2019 Tibet, 2018
Our team congratulates John with this totally deserved Honorary degree and say thanks for all his help with the field work, international collaboration, ideas and articles!
Mongolia and Altai were tightly connected in Upper, and, probably, Middle Paleolithic: crossing these regions people migratated throughout Central Asia and Southern Siberia. These migrations represent human dispersal, stimulated by several causes, including climate change and animal movements. Moving from one region to another, people would take animal bones, mineral and organic raw materials, personal ornaments. Some of such ornaments could travel for long distances as the objects of exchange or marker of social networks. Study of such cases needs Sr isotopic maps for the regions.
The borders are still closed and our plans to take more samples for Sr isotopic map in Mongolia were ruined, but we were able to do such work in Altai Mountains. We collected the samples in 41 localities. Choice of each sampling locality was difficult and based on several conditions. 1) We chose localities at the different kinds of geological formations, because geology directly influences on isotopic composition of water, soil and vegetation. Having the geological map, we faced the problem of discrepancies, because some geological areas were mapped using satellite images. Fortunately, we had two excellent specialists in rock formation. 2) We used to sample a water, grass and soil in each locality, but Altai region is highly used for agriculture. To avoid the contamination by fertilizers, we needed to go deeper and higher in each valley, to the areas without agricultural fields. Sometimes water sources were absent in such areas, and we sampled grass and soil only. 3) Sr isotopic map is supposed to be detailed, so, ideally samples need to be taken every 5 km in one river valley. We didn’t have such ability, because 87Sr/86Sr ratio analysis is expensive. So, on initial stage of our project we chose different areas in Altai Mountains to get the primary understanding on distinction of 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the region.
Sampling localities in Altai Mountains (mapped by Andrey Vishnevsky)
We collected samples in the areas close to the border with Kazakhstan (the districts near Mongolian border were blocked) and areas surrounding archaeological sites: Okladnikov’s, Denisova, Maloyalomanskaya and Ust-Kanskaya caves, Kara-Bom, Ust-Karakol sites and other areas.
Okladnikov’s cave. Geochemist Dr. Irina Vishnevskaya and geologist Dr. Evgeny MikheevUst-Kanskaya caveVisiting Denisova cave. Thanks to Dr. Maksim Kozlikin for wonderful excursion!Kara-Bom site
In general, we collected 111 samples from 41 localities. Currently all samples are under analysis in the Common Use Center of the Ural Branch of RAS “Geoanalyst”, Ekaterinburg. We also collected a number of samples of rock formations, when there were the difference in geological map and real geological situation.
Azurite and malachite
trying to dry up the samplesOur camp at the Katun’ RiverBest selfie ever :))Malaya Gromatukha RiverDr. Irina Vishnevskaya is sampling a water
Andrey Vishnevsky, the Head of Geological Museum, senior researcher at the Institute of Geology and Minerology SB RAS and Novosibirsk State University. Our petrographyst, GIS specialist, cook and driver
and Evgeny Rybin , giving his invaluable advise from home
Evgeny P. Rybin, Cleantha N. Paine, Arina M. Khatsenovich, Tsedendorj Bolorbat, Sahra Talamo, Daria V. Marchenko, William Rendu, Alexei M. Klementiev, Davakhuu Odsuren, Byambaa Gunchinsuren, Nicolas Zwyns., 2020. A new Upper Paleolithic occupation at the site of Tolbor-21 (Mongolia): Site formation, human behavior and implications for the regional sequence
In Central and East Asia, the Upper Paleolithic dates as early as 45 ka cal BP, but until recently, there was little reliable information concerning human occupation during the following period, between 45 and 40 ka cal BP. Here we present results of the excavation of the site of Tolbor-21, in the Selenga drainage system, Northern Mongolia. We focus on Tolbor-21 Archeological Horizon 4 (AH4), an archeological assemblage that documents human occupations that fall stratigraphically and chronologically between the Initial and the Early Upper Paleolithic. We report on the spatial distribution of the finds, the zooarcheological and the lithic data to determine which of the observations reflect post-depositional processes, and which are informative of human behavior. Our initial results presented here show evidence of reworking and preservation bias on a succession of occupations, the exploitation of medium/large herbivores, and a potential structured use of space. At the regional level, our results suggest that improving the resolution of data collection may identify previously undocumented episodes of human occupation. At a broader scale, the Tolbor-21 AH4 assemblage brings new perspectives on the development of the Early Upper Paleolithic in Central and Northeast Asia.
Acknowledgments
The Russian Scientific Foundation supports ER, AMK, DM and AK for lithic (project #19-18-00198) and faunal (project# 19-78-10112) analyses.
The National Scientific Foundation (#1560784) supports NZ field research in the Ikh-Tulberiin-Gol. NZ is grateful for the support of the Leakey Foundation, the Max Planck Society, the UC-Davis Department of Anthropology and the UC-Davis Academic Senate, and the Hellman Foundation. S.T. is funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 803147 RESOLUTION, https://site.unibo.it/resolution-erc/en).
Excavations of Tolbor 21Team of 2015 excavation campaign
Down Ancient Trails is the international archaeological forum, organized by Sharma Center for Heritage Education, India and supported by Leakey Foundation. It is the online platform for specialists in archaeological sciences and anthropology to share their research. A number of headliners in archaeology gave the talks about different subjects that they study. Shanti Pappu, the coordinator of this fantastic project, had invited Arina Khatsenovich to give a talk about Paleolithic study in Mongolia on July 15.
Right after survey in Altai, Arina has presented first results of ongoing projects, supported by RSF and Leakey Foundation, in Mongolia.
She focused on the study of Final Middle Paleolithic and Initial Upper Paleolithic in Central Asia, particularly in Mongolia. Excavations, carried out by JMRAAE in 2018-2019 have yield not only new lithic material, but also new chronology, based on OSL (radiocarbon dates are upcoming).
The Russian Scientific Foundation supports ER, AMK, DM and AK for lithic (project #19-18-00198) and faunal (project# 19-78-10112) analyses.
